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it's not yet generally available

  • 1 generally

    adverb (usually; by most people; on the whole: He is generally disliked; He generally wins.) generalmente, corrientemente, por lo general
    generally adv por lo general / generalmente
    tr['ʤenərəlɪ]
    1 generalmente, por lo general, en general
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    generally speaking... hablando en términos generales...
    generally ['ʤɛnrəli, 'ʤɛnərə-] adv
    : generalmente, por lo general, en general
    adv.
    • en general adv.
    • generalmente adv.
    • por lo general adv.
    'dʒenrəli
    a) (usually, as a rule) generalmente, por lo general, en general
    b) ( broadly) (indep)

    generally (speaking) — por lo general, en general, por regla general

    c) ( as a whole) en general

    it is generally admitted that... — en general se reconoce que...

    ['dʒenǝrǝlɪ]
    ADV
    1) (=on the whole) en general, en líneas generales

    generally, the course is okay — en general or en líneas generales el curso está bien

    they broke the toys, fought, and generally misbehaved — rompieron los juguetes, se pelearon y en general se portaron mal

    2) (=usually) generalmente, por lo general

    we generally meet on Tuesdays — generalmente or por lo general nos reunimos los martes

    3) (=widely) generalmente

    a generally accepted definition — una definición generalmente aceptada, una definición aceptada por casi todo el mundo

    it is generally believed that... — la mayoría de la gente cree que..., generalmente, se cree que...

    it's not yet generally available — (on sale) no está todavía a la venta or en el mercado

    4)

    generally speaking — por lo general, en términos generales

    * * *
    ['dʒenrəli]
    a) (usually, as a rule) generalmente, por lo general, en general
    b) ( broadly) (indep)

    generally (speaking) — por lo general, en general, por regla general

    c) ( as a whole) en general

    it is generally admitted that... — en general se reconoce que...

    English-spanish dictionary > generally

  • 2 uso

    m.
    1 use.
    hacer uso de to make use of, to use; (utilizar) to exercise (de prerrogativa, derecho)
    fuera de uso out of use, obsolete
    tener el uso de la palabra to have the floor
    uso de razón power of reason
    2 custom (costumbre).
    al uso fashionable
    al uso andaluz in the Andalusian style
    3 usage (linguistics).
    4 wear and tear (desgaste).
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: usar.
    * * *
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) use
    2) wear
    3) custom, usage
    * * *
    SF ABR Esp
    = Unión Sindical Obrera
    * * *
    a) (de producto, medicamento) use; (de máquina, material) use

    métodos de uso extendido en... — methods widely used in...

    de uso externo — (Farm) for external use only

    b) (de idioma, expresión) use

    una expresión sancionada por el uso — (frml) an expression that has gained acceptance through usage

    c) (de facultad, derecho)

    hacer uso de la palabra — (frml) to speak

    hacer uso y abuso de algo — ( de privilegio) to abuse something

    2) ( de prenda)
    3) (utilidad, aplicación) use
    4) ( usanza) custom
    * * *
    = deployment, disposition, exercise, take-up, usage, use, utilisation [utilization, -USA], utility, consumption, employment, uptake, wear, delivery.
    Ex. In the context of this report any such policy would have to accept that speedy response to current problems requires the deployment of resources in favour of innovative information-driven programmes.
    Ex. The process provides an effective means of controlling such serials until a final decision has been made regarding their disposition.
    Ex. A poorly structured scheme requires the exercise of a good deal of initiative on the part of the indexer in order to overcome or avoid the poor structure.
    Ex. One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.
    Ex. Changes in usage of terms over time can also present problems = Los cambios en el uso de los términos con el transcurso del tiempo también pueden presentar problemas.
    Ex. Systematic mnemonics is the use of the same notation for a given topic wherever that topic occurs.
    Ex. On occasions it is necessary to adopt an order or arrangement which leads to the efficient utilisation of space.
    Ex. Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.
    Ex. The screen display formats required by cataloguing staff may be not at all suitable for public consumption.
    Ex. Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.
    Ex. The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.
    Ex. When in use moulds were subject to severe wear which resulted in noticeable deterioration of the surface.
    Ex. Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    ----
    * alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.
    * aumento del uso = increased use.
    * bloque funcional para uso internacional = international use block.
    * bloque funcional para uso nacional = national use block.
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.
    * condiciones de uso = terms of use.
    * condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.
    * con el uso = in use, with use.
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * cubrir un uso = address + use.
    * cuchillo de un solo uso = disposable knife.
    * dar buen uso a Algo = put to + good use.
    * dar un uso = put to + purpose.
    * dar uso = put to + use.
    * dar uso a = make + use of.
    * de doble uso = dual-use.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * de pago según el uso = on a pay a you use basis, on a pay as you go basis.
    * de poco uso = low-use.
    * desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.
    * desgaste por el uso = wear and tear.
    * destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.
    * de un solo uso = disposable, single-use.
    * de uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * de uso cutáneo = use + topically.
    * de uso externo = for external use only.
    * de uso flexible = hop-on/hop-off.
    * de uso frecuente = frequently-used.
    * de uso general = general-use.
    * de uso interno = in-house [inhouse].
    * de uso múltiple = all-purpose.
    * de uso público = publicly available.
    * de uso tópico = use + topically.
    * encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo = time-use survey.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + facultades físicas y mentales = of (a) sound mind, of (a) sound and disposing mind and memory, mentally fit, physically and mentally fit.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.
    * en uso = in use.
    * estadísticas de uso = usage statistics, use statistics.
    * estudio de uso = use study.
    * facilidad de uso = usability, user-friendliness, ease of use.
    * formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * frecuencia de uso = usage rate.
    * gastado por el uso = worn-out.
    * hábito de uso = usage pattern, use pattern.
    * hábito de uso, patrón de uso = usage pattern.
    * hacer buen uso de Algo = put to + good use.
    * hacer el mejor uso de = make + the best of.
    * hacer uso = put to + use.
    * hacer uso de = make + use of, draw on/upon, leverage, patronise [patronize, -USA], tap into, deploy.
    * hacer uso de influencias = pull + strings.
    * hacer uso de recursos = tap into + resources.
    * hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.
    * hacer uso personal = make + personal use.
    * haciendo uso de = by recourse to.
    * herramienta de uso de Internet = Internet appliance.
    * herramienta para el uso de la información = information appliance.
    * impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.
    * incremento del uso = increased use.
    * índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.
    * instrucciones de uso = use instruction.
    * licencia de uso = licence agreement.
    * mal uso = misuse, mishandling.
    * mediante el uso de los recursos = resource-based.
    * método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.
    * multiuso = multi-functional, multi-use [multiuse].
    * normas de uso = user policy.
    * ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).
    * pago según el uso = pay-per-view, pay-for-use.
    * páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * plato de un solo uso = disposable plate.
    * poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.
    * proteger Algo para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * recurrir al uso de = resort to + the use of.
    * rentabilizar el uso = maximise + use.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser de un solo uso = be a one-trip pony.
    * ser de uso general = be in general use, be generally available.
    * servilleta de un solo uso = disposable napkin.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sustancia de uso reglamentado = controlled substance.
    * sustancia de uso regulado = controlled substance.
    * tenedor de un solo uso = disposable fork.
    * uso a distancia = remote use.
    * uso compartido = sharing.
    * uso compartido de la información = information sharing.
    * uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.
    * uso compartido de recursos = resource sharing, time-sharing [timesharing].
    * uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.
    * uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.
    * uso de la colección = stock use.
    * uso de la letra cursiva = italicisation [italicization, -USA].
    * uso de las mayúsculas = capitalisation [capitalization, -USA].
    * uso de la tierra = land use.
    * uso de sustancias = substance use.
    * uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.
    * uso diario = everyday use.
    * uso doméstico = domestic use.
    * uso excesivo = prodigality, overuse.
    * uso excesivo de = greed for.
    * uso inadecuado = misuse, mistreatment.
    * uso indebido = misuse.
    * uso normal = normal usage.
    * uso óptimo de los recursos = value for money.
    * uso personal = personal use.
    * uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.
    * uso razonable = fair dealing, fair use.
    * uso remoto = remote use.
    * usos y costumbres = customs and habits.
    * usos y gratificaciones = uses and gratifications.
    * uso tópico = for external use only.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.
    * usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.
    * * *
    a) (de producto, medicamento) use; (de máquina, material) use

    métodos de uso extendido en... — methods widely used in...

    de uso externo — (Farm) for external use only

    b) (de idioma, expresión) use

    una expresión sancionada por el uso — (frml) an expression that has gained acceptance through usage

    c) (de facultad, derecho)

    hacer uso de la palabra — (frml) to speak

    hacer uso y abuso de algo — ( de privilegio) to abuse something

    2) ( de prenda)
    3) (utilidad, aplicación) use
    4) ( usanza) custom
    * * *
    = deployment, disposition, exercise, take-up, usage, use, utilisation [utilization, -USA], utility, consumption, employment, uptake, wear, delivery.

    Ex: In the context of this report any such policy would have to accept that speedy response to current problems requires the deployment of resources in favour of innovative information-driven programmes.

    Ex: The process provides an effective means of controlling such serials until a final decision has been made regarding their disposition.
    Ex: A poorly structured scheme requires the exercise of a good deal of initiative on the part of the indexer in order to overcome or avoid the poor structure.
    Ex: One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.
    Ex: Changes in usage of terms over time can also present problems = Los cambios en el uso de los términos con el transcurso del tiempo también pueden presentar problemas.
    Ex: Systematic mnemonics is the use of the same notation for a given topic wherever that topic occurs.
    Ex: On occasions it is necessary to adopt an order or arrangement which leads to the efficient utilisation of space.
    Ex: Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.
    Ex: The screen display formats required by cataloguing staff may be not at all suitable for public consumption.
    Ex: Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.
    Ex: The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.
    Ex: When in use moulds were subject to severe wear which resulted in noticeable deterioration of the surface.
    Ex: Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    * alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.
    * aumento del uso = increased use.
    * bloque funcional para uso internacional = international use block.
    * bloque funcional para uso nacional = national use block.
    * con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].
    * con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.
    * condiciones de uso = terms of use.
    * condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.
    * con el uso = in use, with use.
    * conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.
    * cubrir un uso = address + use.
    * cuchillo de un solo uso = disposable knife.
    * dar buen uso a Algo = put to + good use.
    * dar un uso = put to + purpose.
    * dar uso = put to + use.
    * dar uso a = make + use of.
    * de doble uso = dual-use.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * de pago según el uso = on a pay a you use basis, on a pay as you go basis.
    * de poco uso = low-use.
    * desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.
    * desgaste por el uso = wear and tear.
    * destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.
    * de un solo uso = disposable, single-use.
    * de uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * de uso cutáneo = use + topically.
    * de uso externo = for external use only.
    * de uso flexible = hop-on/hop-off.
    * de uso frecuente = frequently-used.
    * de uso general = general-use.
    * de uso interno = in-house [inhouse].
    * de uso múltiple = all-purpose.
    * de uso público = publicly available.
    * de uso tópico = use + topically.
    * encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo = time-use survey.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + facultades físicas y mentales = of (a) sound mind, of (a) sound and disposing mind and memory, mentally fit, physically and mentally fit.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.
    * en uso = in use.
    * estadísticas de uso = usage statistics, use statistics.
    * estudio de uso = use study.
    * facilidad de uso = usability, user-friendliness, ease of use.
    * formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.
    * frecuencia de uso = usage rate.
    * gastado por el uso = worn-out.
    * hábito de uso = usage pattern, use pattern.
    * hábito de uso, patrón de uso = usage pattern.
    * hacer buen uso de Algo = put to + good use.
    * hacer el mejor uso de = make + the best of.
    * hacer uso = put to + use.
    * hacer uso de = make + use of, draw on/upon, leverage, patronise [patronize, -USA], tap into, deploy.
    * hacer uso de influencias = pull + strings.
    * hacer uso de recursos = tap into + resources.
    * hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.
    * hacer uso personal = make + personal use.
    * haciendo uso de = by recourse to.
    * herramienta de uso de Internet = Internet appliance.
    * herramienta para el uso de la información = information appliance.
    * impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.
    * incremento del uso = increased use.
    * índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.
    * instrucciones de uso = use instruction.
    * licencia de uso = licence agreement.
    * mal uso = misuse, mishandling.
    * mediante el uso de los recursos = resource-based.
    * método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.
    * multiuso = multi-functional, multi-use [multiuse].
    * normas de uso = user policy.
    * ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).
    * pago según el uso = pay-per-view, pay-for-use.
    * páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * plato de un solo uso = disposable plate.
    * poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.
    * proteger Algo para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * recurrir al uso de = resort to + the use of.
    * rentabilizar el uso = maximise + use.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser de un solo uso = be a one-trip pony.
    * ser de uso general = be in general use, be generally available.
    * servilleta de un solo uso = disposable napkin.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sustancia de uso reglamentado = controlled substance.
    * sustancia de uso regulado = controlled substance.
    * tenedor de un solo uso = disposable fork.
    * uso a distancia = remote use.
    * uso compartido = sharing.
    * uso compartido de la información = information sharing.
    * uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.
    * uso compartido de recursos = resource sharing, time-sharing [timesharing].
    * uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.
    * uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.
    * uso de la colección = stock use.
    * uso de la letra cursiva = italicisation [italicization, -USA].
    * uso de las mayúsculas = capitalisation [capitalization, -USA].
    * uso de la tierra = land use.
    * uso de sustancias = substance use.
    * uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.
    * uso diario = everyday use.
    * uso doméstico = domestic use.
    * uso excesivo = prodigality, overuse.
    * uso excesivo de = greed for.
    * uso inadecuado = misuse, mistreatment.
    * uso indebido = misuse.
    * uso normal = normal usage.
    * uso óptimo de los recursos = value for money.
    * uso personal = personal use.
    * uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.
    * uso razonable = fair dealing, fair use.
    * uso remoto = remote use.
    * usos y costumbres = customs and habits.
    * usos y gratificaciones = uses and gratifications.
    * uso tópico = for external use only.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.
    * usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.

    * * *
    /ˈuso/
    (en Esp) = Unión Sindical Obrera
    * * *

     

    Del verbo usar: ( conjugate usar)

    uso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    usó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    usar    
    uso
    usar ( conjugate usar) verbo transitivo

    ◊ ¿qué champú usas? what shampoo do you use?;

    uso algo/a algn de or como algo to use sth/sb as sth
    b) ( llevar) ‹alhajas/ropa/perfume› to wear;


    usarse verbo pronominal (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) [color/ropa] to be in fashion, to be popular;

    uso sustantivo masculino
    a) (de producto, medicamento, máquina) use;


    hacer uso de algo to use sth
    b) (de facultad, derecho):


    hacer uso de un derecho to exercise a right;
    desde que tengo uso de razón ever since I can remember;
    hacer uso de la palabra (frml) to speak
    c) ( de prenda):


    los zapatos ceden con el uso shoes give with wear
    usar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (hacer uso, emplear) to use: no uses mi maquinilla, don't use my razor
    siempre usa el mismo método, she uses always the same method
    2 (llevar ropa, perfume, etc) to wear
    II vi (utilizar) to use
    uso sustantivo masculino
    1 use
    (aplicación) se compró el ordenador, pero no le da ningún uso, he bought the computer, but he never makes use of it
    (modo de aplicación) instrucciones de uso, instructions for use
    uso externo/tópico, external/local application
    2 (costumbre) custom
    ' uso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    billón
    - cada
    - casarse
    - como
    - crema
    - cuchara
    - destartalar
    - destino
    - deterioro
    - doméstica
    - doméstico
    - escayola
    - espantosa
    - espantoso
    - estar
    - extendida
    - extendido
    - externa
    - externo
    - gasto
    - lindeza
    - misma
    - mismo
    - mortal
    - muerta
    - muerto
    - parecer
    - permitirse
    - poder
    - prerrogativa
    - pues
    - pura
    - puro
    - que
    - rozar
    - rozarse
    - sala
    - si
    - tal
    - tópica
    - tópico
    - universal
    - usar
    - utensilio
    - vaya
    - ver
    - verdadera
    - verdadero
    - vulgarización
    - vulgarizar
    English:
    abuse
    - afford
    - agree
    - antiallergenic
    - balloon
    - bed
    - blind
    - cease
    - continue
    - current
    - disposable
    - do
    - dog-eared
    - enjoy
    - ever
    - exclusively
    - feel
    - floor
    - fluoride
    - for
    - fuck
    - good
    - have
    - hear of
    - herself
    - himself
    - indeed
    - intend
    - internal
    - it
    - itself
    - just
    - lend
    - lie
    - listen
    - literally
    - misuse
    - myself
    - never
    - next
    - nice
    - not
    - oneself
    - only
    - ourselves
    - practice
    - practise
    - public
    - quite
    - ridesharing
    * * *
    USO ['uso] nf (abrev de Unión Sindical Obrera)
    = centre-right Spanish union
    * * *
    f abr (= Unión Sindical Obrera) Spanish trade union
    * * *
    uso nm
    1) empleo, utilización: use
    de uso personal: for personal use
    hacer uso de: to make use of
    2) : wear
    uso y desgaste: wear and tear
    3) usanza: custom, usage, habit
    al uso de: in the manner of, in the style of
    * * *
    uso n
    2. (ropa, etc) wearing

    Spanish-English dictionary > uso

  • 3 general

    adj.
    general.
    tener nociones generales de griego to have a general knowledge of Greek
    esa es la opinión general de los que no leen los periódicos that's what people who don't read the papers usually think
    por lo general, en general in general, generally
    por lo general, suelo ir en tren I generally go by train, in general I go by train
    m.
    general (military).
    general de división major general
    * * *
    1 general
    2 (común) common, usual, widespread
    1 (oficial) general
    \
    en general in general, generally
    por lo general in general, generally
    * * *
    noun mf. adj.
    - por lo general
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=común, no detallado) general

    una visión general de los problemas del país — an overall o general view of the problems of the country

    2)

    en general —

    a) [con verbo] generally, in general

    en general, las críticas de la obra han sido favorables — generally (speaking) o in general, the play has received favourable criticism

    b) [detrás de s] in general

    literatura, música y arte en general — literature, music and the arts in general

    3)

    iban a visitarla, por lo general, dos o tres veces al año — they generally went to see her two or three times a year

    los resultados son, por lo general, bastante buenos — in general o on the whole, the results are pretty good

    2.
    SMF (Mil) general
    3.
    SM (Rel) general
    4. SF
    1) (tb: carretera general)
    Esp main road
    2) (tb: clasificación general) (Ciclismo) general classification
    3)
    * * *
    I
    a) (no específico, global) general

    en general — on the whole, in general

    por lo general: por lo general llega a las nueve she usually o generally arrives at nine; por lo general prefiero ir en auto — in general I prefer to drive

    II
    masculino y femenino (Mil) general
    * * *
    I
    a) (no específico, global) general

    en general — on the whole, in general

    por lo general: por lo general llega a las nueve she usually o generally arrives at nine; por lo general prefiero ir en auto — in general I prefer to drive

    II
    masculino y femenino (Mil) general
    * * *
    general1
    1 = general.
    Nota: Nombre.

    Ex: It should not be assumed that this has got to be a semiformal talk, followed by a few halfhearted questions: a kind of general's visit to the barracks.

    * como norma general = as a general rule.

    general2
    2 = all-embracing, broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], comprehensive, general, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.], sweeping, ubiquitous, umbrella, widespread, pervasive, blanket, all-encompassing, broadly based, wide-ranging [wide ranging], overriding, broad-based [broad based], wide-scale, overarching, received, epidemic, pandemic, wide-angle(d), generalised [generalized, -USA], embracing, encompassing.

    Ex: Some databases are very all-embracing in their coverage and attempt to provide comprehensive coverage of entire disciplines.

    Ex: This broader consideration of descriptive cataloguing problems serves to set a context for the consideration of cataloguing problems associated with nonbook materials.
    Ex: One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex: Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.
    Ex: Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    Ex: Such a statement of objectives may appear narrowly defined in its practices and yet, at the same time, rather sweeping in its assumptions.
    Ex: Worldwide, however, the printed book is still the most ubiquitous source of record = Sin embargo, el libro impreso es aún en todo el mundo la fuente de información escrita más común.
    Ex: This article describes how an ' umbrella licence' was obtained covering a group of libraries within the region.
    Ex: Comment published so far is favourable, but the code still awaits widespread adoption.
    Ex: The unease is pervasive, not an occasional outcropping of discontent.
    Ex: Likert in no way attempts to make a blanket prescription for employee-centered supervisory styles.
    Ex: In publishing itself there is little use made of the all-encompassing schemes such as Dewey or the Library of Congress.
    Ex: Library schools are offering broadly based courses with increasing emphasis on technology and information systems, but practising librarians still need the traditional skills.
    Ex: The contents of this handbook are comprehensive and wide-ranging.
    Ex: Consequently, the overriding demand made by the academic community is bibliographical in nature.
    Ex: However, the organisation is well on its way to becoming a broad-based provider of databases and end-user oriented information services in all areas of engineering.
    Ex: Without the stimuli of cooperative agencies, many programmes such as wide-scale interlibrary loan would not have developed so rapidly.
    Ex: There appears to be an unhealthy tendency among information technology professionals to elevate any single, highly successful practical experience instantly into an overarching paradigm for managerial success.
    Ex: It was interesting, in view of the received opinion that 'We don't have many problems round here'.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the epidemic growth of its literature' = El artículo se titula "El síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) y el crecimiento exponencial de su literatura".
    Ex: Test score data were broken down to show that the decline is pandemic throughout the culture & not limited to sex, race, or class variables.
    Ex: Except for the principal no one besides the librarian has such a wide-angle view of the school's instructional programme.
    Ex: Although it is coy about admitting the fact it is only mentioned twice in the whole of the thirty pages of publicity material it is in effect a generalized and modernized Thesaurofacet: a facetted classification with a thesaurus structure forming an integral part.
    Ex: What is needed is an embracing approach to guarantee freedom for Palestine and legitimacy for Israel.
    Ex: By drawing Russia into an encompassing coalition with Europe and other powers, the risk of conflict will be diminished.
    * abogado general = advocate-general.
    * Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
    * anestesia general = general anaesthesia.
    * asamblea general = general assembly.
    * biblioteca general = general library.
    * como norma general = as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.
    * consenso general = general consensus.
    * creencia general = conventional wisdom.
    * criterio general = rule of thumb.
    * dar una idea general = paint + a broad picture.
    * de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.
    * de forma general = bulk.
    * de interés general = of general interest.
    * de lo general a lo particular = from the general to the particular.
    * de lo particular a lo general = from the particular to the general.
    * de propósito general = general-purpose.
    * describir en líneas generales = outline.
    * desde un punto de vista general = in a broad sense.
    * desde un punto de vista más general = in a broader sense.
    * designación general de la clase de documento = general material designation.
    * de tipo general = broad scoped.
    * de un modo muy general = crudely.
    * de utilidad general = all-purpose.
    * director general = senior director.
    * elección general = general election.
    * encabezamiento demasiado general = much-too-broad heading.
    * encabezamiento informativo general = general explanatory heading.
    * en el sentido más general = in the broadest sense.
    * en general = at large, by and large, for the most part, generally, in general, in the main, on balance, on the whole, overall, broadly, as a whole, generally speaking.
    * en líneas generales = broadly speaking, generally, on the whole, in basic outline, roughly speaking, as a rough guide.
    * ensayo general = dress rehearsal.
    * en su sentido más general = in its/their broadest sense.
    * en términos generales = in broad terms, generally speaking.
    * en un sentido general = in a broad sense.
    * en un sentido más general = in a broader sense.
    * esquema general = outline.
    * gobernador general = Governor General.
    * hablando en términos generales = loosely speaking.
    * idea general = rough idea.
    * índice general = general index.
    * informe sobre el estado general de las carreteras = road report.
    * instrucción general = blanket instruction.
    * interés general = public interest.
    * la comunidad en general = the community at large.
    * la sociedad en general = society at large.
    * materia más general = broader subject.
    * norma general = rule of thumb.
    * Norma General Internacional para la Descripción de Archivvos (ISAD-G) = General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G)).
    * opinión general = consensus of opinion, conventional wisdom.
    * opinión general, la = received wisdom, the.
    * parálisis general = general paresis.
    * población en general, la = general population, the.
    * por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * público en general = broader audience, broad audience, broad public, broader public.
    * público en general, el = general public, the.
    * Secretaría General = Secretariat.
    * ser de uso general = be generally available.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * una guía general = a rough guide.
    * una idea general = a rough guide.

    * * *
    1 (no específico, global) general
    el estado general del enfermo the patient's general condition
    temas de interés general subjects of general interest
    el pronóstico general del tiempo para mañana the general weather forecast for tomorrow
    el país está pasando una crisis a nivel general the country as a whole is going through a crisis
    me habló del proyecto en líneas generales she gave me a broad outline of the project
    un panorama general de la situación an overall view o an overview of the situation
    tiene nociones generales de informática he has a general idea about information technology
    2 ( en locs):
    en general on the whole, in general
    ¿qué tal el viaje? — en general bien how was the trip? — good, on the whole
    en general prefiero el vino blanco on the whole o in general, I prefer white wine
    el público en general the general public
    ¿qué te molesta de él? — todo en general y nada en particular what don't you like about him? — everything and nothing
    por lo general: por lo general los domingos nos levantamos tarde we usually o generally get up late on Sundays
    por lo general llega a las nueve she usually o generally arrives at nine, she arrives at nine as a rule
    por lo general prefiero una novela a un ensayo in general I prefer novels to essays
    3
    generales fpl ( Esp) ( Pol) general elections
    1 ( Mil) general
    2 ( Relig) general
    Compuestos:
    (en el ejército) ≈ major general, brigadier general ( in US), brigadier ( in UK); (en las fuerzas aéreas) ≈ brigadier general ( in US), ≈ air commodore ( in UK)
    (en el ejército) ≈ major general; (en las fuerzas aéreas) ≈ major general ( in US), ≈ air vice marshal ( in UK)
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    Gral.    
    general
    Gral. sustantivo masculino (
    ◊ General) Gen.

    general adjetivo
    a) (no específico, global) general;


    hablando en líneas generales broadly speaking;
    un panorama general de la situación an overall view of the situation
    b) ( en locs)


    el público en general the general public;
    por lo general as a (general) rule
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino (Mil) general
    general
    I adjetivo general
    director general, general manager, director-general
    huelga general, general strike
    secretario general, Secretary-General
    II m Mil Rel general
    ♦ Locuciones: por lo o en general, in general, generally
    ' general' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - anestesia
    - asesinar
    - bachillerato
    - bien
    - camino
    - capitán
    - capitana
    - cerrarse
    - CGPJ
    - ciudad
    - comida
    - cuartel
    - decretar
    - desbandada
    - DGT
    - economía
    - EGB
    - el
    - elección
    - enferma
    - enfermo
    - ensayo
    - entre
    - error
    - esperar
    - fiscal
    - golpista
    - gral.
    - huelga
    - ladrón
    - ladrona
    - lata
    - lista
    - LOGSE
    - mayoría
    - nombrar
    - panorama
    - parecerse
    - piso
    - policlínica
    - política
    - protesta
    - pública
    - público
    - regalar
    - regla
    - sazón
    - secretaría
    English:
    AGM
    - all-out
    - as
    - Attorney General
    - backdrop
    - blanket
    - booze
    - bosom
    - breast
    - buck
    - crime
    - current
    - disheveled
    - dishevelled
    - dress
    - dress rehearsal
    - dry run
    - education
    - election
    - GATT
    - GCE
    - GCSE
    - general
    - general anaesthetic
    - general assembly
    - general election
    - general knowledge
    - general practice
    - general practitioner
    - general public
    - generally
    - GP
    - GPO
    - headquarters
    - HQ
    - large
    - main
    - managing
    - master
    - mobilize
    - most
    - opposite
    - outline
    - overall
    - overview
    - Postmaster General
    - practitioner
    - prevailing
    - public
    - quash
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [común] general;
    sólo tengo unas nociones muy generales de griego I only have a very general knowledge of Greek;
    esa es la opinión general de los que no leen los periódicos that's what people who don't read the papers usually think;
    mi valoración general es negativa my overall opinion of it is negative
    2. [en frases]
    por lo general, en general in general, generally;
    los candidatos, en general, estaban muy cualificados the candidates were generally very well qualified, in general, the candidates were very well qualified;
    en general el clima es seco on the whole, the climate is dry, the climate is generally dry;
    ¿qué tal te va la vida? – en general, no me puedo quejar how's life treating you? – I can't complain, on the whole;
    por lo general, suelo ir en tren I generally go by train, in general I go by train
    ♦ nm
    Mil general general de brigada Br brigadier, US brigadier general;
    general de división major general
    ♦ nf
    Dep [clasificación] overall standings;
    con su victoria se ha puesto segunda en la general her victory has moved her up to second place in the overall standings
    * * *
    I adj general;
    en general in general;
    por lo general usually, generally
    II m general
    * * *
    general adj
    1) : general
    2)
    por lo general : in general, generally
    general nmf
    1) : general
    2)
    general de división : major general
    * * *
    general1 adj general
    general2 n (militar) general

    Spanish-English dictionary > general

  • 4 general2

    2 = all-embracing, broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], comprehensive, general, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.], sweeping, ubiquitous, umbrella, widespread, pervasive, blanket, all-encompassing, broadly based, wide-ranging [wide ranging], overriding, broad-based [broad based], wide-scale, overarching, received, epidemic, pandemic, wide-angle(d), generalised [generalized, -USA], embracing, encompassing.
    Ex. Some databases are very all-embracing in their coverage and attempt to provide comprehensive coverage of entire disciplines.
    Ex. This broader consideration of descriptive cataloguing problems serves to set a context for the consideration of cataloguing problems associated with nonbook materials.
    Ex. One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex. Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.
    Ex. Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    Ex. Such a statement of objectives may appear narrowly defined in its practices and yet, at the same time, rather sweeping in its assumptions.
    Ex. Worldwide, however, the printed book is still the most ubiquitous source of record = Sin embargo, el libro impreso es aún en todo el mundo la fuente de información escrita más común.
    Ex. This article describes how an ' umbrella licence' was obtained covering a group of libraries within the region.
    Ex. Comment published so far is favourable, but the code still awaits widespread adoption.
    Ex. The unease is pervasive, not an occasional outcropping of discontent.
    Ex. Likert in no way attempts to make a blanket prescription for employee-centered supervisory styles.
    Ex. In publishing itself there is little use made of the all-encompassing schemes such as Dewey or the Library of Congress.
    Ex. Library schools are offering broadly based courses with increasing emphasis on technology and information systems, but practising librarians still need the traditional skills.
    Ex. The contents of this handbook are comprehensive and wide-ranging.
    Ex. Consequently, the overriding demand made by the academic community is bibliographical in nature.
    Ex. However, the organisation is well on its way to becoming a broad-based provider of databases and end-user oriented information services in all areas of engineering.
    Ex. Without the stimuli of cooperative agencies, many programmes such as wide-scale interlibrary loan would not have developed so rapidly.
    Ex. There appears to be an unhealthy tendency among information technology professionals to elevate any single, highly successful practical experience instantly into an overarching paradigm for managerial success.
    Ex. It was interesting, in view of the received opinion that 'We don't have many problems round here'.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the epidemic growth of its literature' = El artículo se titula "El síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) y el crecimiento exponencial de su literatura".
    Ex. Test score data were broken down to show that the decline is pandemic throughout the culture & not limited to sex, race, or class variables.
    Ex. Except for the principal no one besides the librarian has such a wide-angle view of the school's instructional programme.
    Ex. Although it is coy about admitting the fact it is only mentioned twice in the whole of the thirty pages of publicity material it is in effect a generalized and modernized Thesaurofacet: a facetted classification with a thesaurus structure forming an integral part.
    Ex. What is needed is an embracing approach to guarantee freedom for Palestine and legitimacy for Israel.
    Ex. By drawing Russia into an encompassing coalition with Europe and other powers, the risk of conflict will be diminished.
    ----
    * abogado general = advocate-general.
    * Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
    * anestesia general = general anaesthesia.
    * asamblea general = general assembly.
    * biblioteca general = general library.
    * como norma general = as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.
    * consenso general = general consensus.
    * creencia general = conventional wisdom.
    * criterio general = rule of thumb.
    * dar una idea general = paint + a broad picture.
    * de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.
    * de forma general = bulk.
    * de interés general = of general interest.
    * de lo general a lo particular = from the general to the particular.
    * de lo particular a lo general = from the particular to the general.
    * de propósito general = general-purpose.
    * describir en líneas generales = outline.
    * desde un punto de vista general = in a broad sense.
    * desde un punto de vista más general = in a broader sense.
    * designación general de la clase de documento = general material designation.
    * de tipo general = broad scoped.
    * de un modo muy general = crudely.
    * de utilidad general = all-purpose.
    * director general = senior director.
    * elección general = general election.
    * encabezamiento demasiado general = much-too-broad heading.
    * encabezamiento informativo general = general explanatory heading.
    * en el sentido más general = in the broadest sense.
    * en general = at large, by and large, for the most part, generally, in general, in the main, on balance, on the whole, overall, broadly, as a whole, generally speaking.
    * en líneas generales = broadly speaking, generally, on the whole, in basic outline, roughly speaking, as a rough guide.
    * ensayo general = dress rehearsal.
    * en su sentido más general = in its/their broadest sense.
    * en términos generales = in broad terms, generally speaking.
    * en un sentido general = in a broad sense.
    * en un sentido más general = in a broader sense.
    * esquema general = outline.
    * gobernador general = Governor General.
    * hablando en términos generales = loosely speaking.
    * idea general = rough idea.
    * índice general = general index.
    * informe sobre el estado general de las carreteras = road report.
    * instrucción general = blanket instruction.
    * interés general = public interest.
    * la comunidad en general = the community at large.
    * la sociedad en general = society at large.
    * materia más general = broader subject.
    * norma general = rule of thumb.
    * Norma General Internacional para la Descripción de Archivvos (ISAD-G) = General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G)).
    * opinión general = consensus of opinion, conventional wisdom.
    * opinión general, la = received wisdom, the.
    * parálisis general = general paresis.
    * población en general, la = general population, the.
    * por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * público en general = broader audience, broad audience, broad public, broader public.
    * público en general, el = general public, the.
    * Secretaría General = Secretariat.
    * ser de uso general = be generally available.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * una guía general = a rough guide.
    * una idea general = a rough guide.

    Spanish-English dictionary > general2

  • 5 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 6 Psychoanalysis

       [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)
       Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)
       3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations
       here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)
       Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)
       5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History
       Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)
       6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis
       In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)
       [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]
       1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.
       2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.
       3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)
       Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)
       Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)
       The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis

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